INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the feedback questionnaires applied to the internship of Faculty of Medicine students and to contribute to the development of the intern medicine program.
METHODS: The sample of the study consists of the students who continue to the sixth term in 2017-18 Academic Year. The questionnaire consisting of 12 questions was distributed to the students. “Strongly agree” “agree” “undecided” “disagree ”and“ strongly disagree ” were asked to make a rating (Likert’s Scale). The feedback was received from total of 72 students and was applied Correspondence Analysis.
RESULTS: Negative feedback was received on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Internal Medicine, Pediatrics and Cardiology, which occupy an important place in Medical Education. However, when they graduate and become a general practitioner, they most encounter: about practice of Family Medicine, Emergency and Forensic Medicine, was received positive feedback on all questions.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: According to the results obtained from descriptive statistics and graphs, it was seen that pre-physician views were different according to the type of training program. Branches that occupy an important place both in theoretical and practical applications in medical education should be reviewed in terms of educational contents and physical conditions. Moreover, in the most common branches in the field, contribution should be made to the continuity of the training with the feedbacks.

INTRODUCTION: Periodontal diseases may develop due to many facilitating factors. The most important is the inadequate oral hygiene. It is stated that periodontal diseases may be associated not only with oral cavity but also with systemic conditions and psychosocial characteristics. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between individuals’ periodontal health and self-confidence levels in terms of various clinical parameters. In addition, smile aesthetic index (SAI) scores were evaluated and correlated with the parameters examined.
METHODS: The study was conducted on 126 volunteer individuals that aged between 18-65 years, who were referred to the Periodontology clinic for routine gingival treatment. Each participant was administered 33-item self-confidence scale consisting of 2 sub-categories: internal and external self-confidence. Routine periodontal parameters including the gingival index, plaque index and probing depth and SAI score were recorded. One-way ANOVA and Chi-square test were used for statistical analysis.
RESULTS: 60.3% of the participants were between the ages of 18-30 and 45.2% had university or higher education. There was no statistically significant difference both between periodontal parameter and self-confidence scores and between SAI and self-confidence scores (P > 0.05). SAI score was significantly higher in patients with gingivitis compared to periodontitis (p=0.005). External self-confidence score of males was found to be significantly higher than females (P < 0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results of this study didn’t confirm a positive correlation between parameters showing periodontal health and self-confidence scores. This situation can be related with majority of the participants are young and highly educated. More comprehensive studies with increased sample size are needed.

INTRODUCTION: Computerized tomography (CT) is one of the most common diagnostic imaging methods used in all hospital admissions. The frequency of ordering CT scans has been rapidly increasing since its first use. Due to the X-rays, increased CT scans has been a concerns primarily for patients, and then for healthcare professionals who offer this service. In this study we aim to by determining the number and distribution of all CT scans performed in our hospital prevent the CT demands other than clinical necessity and to decrease the X-ray dose that the society is exposed to.
METHODS: Between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2019, the number of CT scans performed in our hospital was determined according to the departments and compared with the number of patients.
RESULTS: While the number of patients admitted to the emergency room (ER) is 30.90% of the total number of patients, the number of CTs performed in ER was 35.92% of the total number of CTs. CT scan was performed in 5.05% of the total number of patients who admitted to the hospital and this figure was 5.88% in ER patients. Changes in the number of CT scans are statistically significant (p<0.005).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Even though the changes in CT scan numbers were statistically significant, the results were not found to be clinically significant as there was no proportionally increasing demand according to the years. We link this positive result to the measures we have taken.

INTRODUCTION: Our aim was to evaluate percutaneous treatment of hydatid cyst cases of liver and to evaluate the efficacy, complication rate of percutaneous treatment and the reasons for failure in patients who did not respond to treatment.
METHODS: Our study is a retrospective study and percutaneous treatment of hydatid cyst cases of liver was performed in our interventional radiology unit between January 2012 and November 2018 and the patients who were followed up by our clinic were included in the study.
Patients were evaluated in terms of age, sex, localization of the cyst in the liver, number of cysts treated, cyst types and cyst size. Our unsuccessful treatment criteria are; increased cyst size without septation-calcification, no change in cyst stage, extravasation and recurrence.


RESULTS: In our study, a total of 119 percutaneous treatment was applied to 104 patients [38 (36.5%) males and 66 (63.5%) females]. The percutaneous cysts were 4-16 cm in diameter and the average diameter was 7.8 cm. Ninety two (77%) cysts were compatible with type 1, 25 (21%) type 2 and 2 (1.6%) type 3 cyst hydatid.
One hundred one treatment (85%) were successful; 18 treatment (15%) were not successful. Five (28%) of the unsuccessful treatment had cystobiliary fistulization, 2 (11%) had extravasation, 3 (17%) had inadequate medical treatment and 8 (44%) had recurrence.


DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Percutaneous treatment in hydatid cyst is a highly effective method because of can be applied in more than one cyst in the same session and low complication rate.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical features of erosive vulval lichen planus (LP) and their coexistence with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection via cervical HPV test results.
METHODS: The clinical data and results of HPV tests in the medical records of 32 erosive vulval LP patients at Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Teaching and Research hospital from January 2017 to August 2019 were analyzed retrospectively.
RESULTS: The mean age of vulval LP patients was 57.5± 6.3 years. On examination, the sites of mucosal involvement in vulval LP were the vulva only (56%; 18 patients); vulva, vagina and oral cavity (18%; 6 patients); the vulva and vagina (12%; 4 patients); and vulva and oral cavity (12%; 4 patients). Two patients had only the HPV 16 genotype, one patient had the HPV 11 and 40 genotypes and one patient had the HPV 58 genotype.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Gynecological evaluation was required for all vulval LP patients. Although only four patients had positive HPV test results in our study, we emphasize that the treatment process of vulval LP may have an effect on HPV infection. Nevertheless, further community-based studies are needed.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of short term thermal aging process on shear bond strength of self-adhesive resin cements to feldspathic and lithium disilicate CAD/CAM ceramics.
METHODS: 80 ceramic specimens of 1.5 mm thickness were obtained from the Vita Mark II (VIT) and IPS e.max CAD (MAX) blocks and IPS e.max CAD discs were sintered. All specimens were etched with 5% hydrofluoric acid and silane was applied to the ceramic surfaces. Ceramic specimens were divided into two groups and Panavia SA (PSA) and RelyX U200 (RXU) self adhesive resin cements were applied to the ceramic surface with 3 mm diameter and 2 mm high plastic tubes. After cementation specimens were divided into two sub-groups, and half of the specimens were subjected to thermal aging at 5,000 rpm between 5-55°C in the bath for 30 sec (n=10). After thermal aging, all specimens were shear tested at a speed of 0.5 mm/sec with a Universal tester. The data were evaluated by one way ANOVA test (SPSS 23).
RESULTS: The highest shear bond strength value among the groups was measured in VIT-PSA ceramics without thermal aging (10,50 ± 2,67 MPa), while the lowest values were measured in MAX-RXU samples with thermal aging (6,81 ± 1,37 MPa) (p<0.01). Although the thermal aging process applied at 5,000 cycles in the same groups resulted in a decrease in the bond strength values, it was not statistically significant (p>0.01).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The thermal aging process did not cause a significant decrease in the bond strength of self adhesive resin cements to feldpathic and lithium disilicate CAD/CAM ceramics in the short term.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to present the pregnant patients who were consulted with hematologists for microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and/or thrombocytopenia and were diagnosed HELLP syndrome.
METHODS: A total of 32 patients, who were diagnosed with HELLP syndrome, were included in this study. Patients with other microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, including pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic uremic syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation etc. were excluded.
RESULTS: The median age of all patients was 30.45±16.22 (18-52) years. According to the Mississippi classification; 12 patients(37.5%) were in class 1 while 15 patients(46.9%) were in class 2, and there was acute renal failure in 4 patients(33.3%) in class 1 and 3 patients(20%) in class 2. There was no acute renal failure present in the class 3 including a total of 5 patients(15.6%). There was renal failure in 6(42.9%) of 14 patients(43.7%) with HELLP syndrome, whose hemoglobin value was less than or equal to 8 gr/dl. In patients with HELLP syndrome, the renal failure risk of those whose hemoglobin value was less than or equal to 8 gr/dl was significantly higher than those whose hemoglobin value was greater than 8 gr/dl(OR: 12.75, p=0.0285).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The mechanism of occurrence of HELLP syndrome is not clear and have many overlapping clinical aspects with the other thrombotic microangiopathic syndromes. Renal failure is a complication of HELLP syndrome. The most associated cases with renal failure are the presence of DIC and severe anemia in HELLP syndrome. The hemoglobin value of less than 8 gr/dl is a significant risk factor for renal failure in HELLP syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to evaluate the frequency of reproduction in urine culture and to evaluate the most common microorganism and the relationship between the findings and acute phase markers in patients with urinary tract infection.
METHODS: Patients aged 0-18 years (n=64420) who applied to the pediatric emergency department were retrieved from computer records between January 2018 and December 2018. A total of 1137 patients with fever of 38.0 ℃ and above who had records of urine culture, CRP, platelet, WBC tests were included into the study.
RESULTS: E.coli was the most common bacteria in urine culture (18.4%). The mean age (5.09 ± 4.58) of the patients with culture reproduction was lower (p <0.001). WBC and platelet counts were significantly higher in patients with positive urine culture (p = 0.004, p = 0.015, respectively).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Platelet elevation, CRP elevation and leukocytosis can be seen in the course of urinary tract infections. These tests are thought to be helpful in predicting UTI.

INTRODUCTION: Standardization techniques are used to eliminate the effect of age distribution at death rates. Since it has been observed that the risk of deaths due to COVID-19 is effected by age, this study has been carried out with the aim of comparing COVID-19 related death rates of some countries with different demographic structures by standardizing them.
METHODS: The COVID-19 death data of nine countries (Australia, Canada, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland and United States) on similar dates are analyzed. The direct standardization method was applied on the data. The standard population used in the calculations is the one recommended by the World Health Organization(WHO) for standardizing mortality rates. Population estimation in age bands were obtained from the OECD data platform.
RESULTS: The results show that, except for Spain and Italy (the oldest two of the group), the CDR rank and the SMR rank values are the same for all of the countries. But when a comparison of the magnitude of rates between any two countries is aimed, this comparison may be misleading with the CDR. As an example, the ratio of CDRs belonging to Italy and USA is 7, whereas this ratio is 4 when SMRs are considered. Similarly, for Italy and Australia these ratios are 127 and 86 respectively.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Death rates in populations are affected by the age structure of the population. SMR should be used for comparing the magnitude of death rates between countries due to its benefit in eliminating the effect of age.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to investigate the demographic characteristics, mortality reasons and the factors that affect the mortality of the patients in general intensive care units.
METHODS: In this study, 510 patients who were followed-up in our Intensive Care Units for one year and died were grouped according to age groups as Age≤18, 18<Age≤35, 35<Age≤50, 50<Age≤65, 65<Age≤80 and 80<Age.We evaluated age, gender, comorbidities, causes of admission to the intensive care and death, duration of hospitalization and mechanical ventilation, unit of arrival, feeding type, inotropic, re-intubation and tracheostomy requirements, history of CPR, APACHE-II and first 24 hours-GCS scores, presence of brain death and organ donor.
RESULTS: The group with the most patients was 65<Age≤80 and this group had the most hospitalization and mechanical ventilation duration.Most of the cases who were mortal were male and the most common cause for admission to the intensive care unit and death was the malignancy.It was determined that most of the patients were admitted to the intensive care unit from the emergency and intubated and the most common history of CPR was in the emergency patients.The lowest APACHE-II score was found in the postoperative follow-up-elective group and the highest score was found in the trauma group according to admission reasons.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In our intensive care units where there are limited and inadequate number of beds, we think that the regulation of new approach protocols, re-determination of patient acceptance criteria, establishment of new units for end-stage care and oncologic patients may be useful in reducing mortality.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this clinical study is to evaluate the pain levels of single crown patients who were produced with CAD/CAM (computer aided design and computer aided production) technique using 3 different retraction systems at the time of the procedure, at the 1st day and at the 1st week.
METHODS: 60 mandibular molar teeth in 60 patients with crown indication were included in our study. The preparation of the teeth was designed by a single clinician at the subgingival level and the chamfer end line and the patients were divided into 3 according to the retraction technique used: mechano-chemical method, chemical method and surgical method. Crowns are digitally designed and manufactured with CAD/CAM. During the procedure, patients were asked to score their pain levels on the 1st day and 1st week after the procedure with VAS. The data were analyzed with SPSS program and Friedman test was used to compare the temporal changes of intra-group VAS values.
RESULTS: The pain score median values during the procedure differ according to the groups. During the procedure, while the highest pain score was in the mechano-chemical method, the lowest pain scores were determined in the chemical method. In the first week, VAS scores were 0 in both surgical and chemical methods.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The lowest procedural pain level in gingival retraction was determined in the chemical method group. It can be commented that Er, Cr: YSGG laser can be a good alternative because of low pain levels in the throughing technique.

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate craniometric measurements and accompanying additional pathologies in cases with basilar invagination on radiological imaging.
METHODS: Between January 2010 and April 2020, cervical CT, cervical MRI and brain MRI with 18,190 examinations were analyzed retrospectively. If the extension of the odontoid to the cranial using the Chamberlain line was greater than 5 mm, that was called basilar invagination. The association of pathologies such as platybasia, Chiari malformation, Klippel-Feil Syndrome and occipital bone dysplasia in cases with basilar invagination were investigated. Frequency of detection of basilar invagination on radiological images and demographic data of the cases were examined. Welcher's basal angle measurements were made with the modified basal angle for the platybasia.
RESULTS: Basilar invagination was detected in 64 cases, more frequently in women (73.44%). The incidence of basilar invagination on radiological examinations was 0.35%. The average age of cases with basilar invagination was 37.09 ± 14.23 (age range 7 - 64). The distance to reach the Chamberlain line cranial axis of the dens axis was measured as 10.61 ± 5.02 mm. Modified basal angle mean was 123.77 ± 6.76 degrees, and Welcher's basal angle mean was 138.79 ± 7.06 degrees in cases with basilar invagination. The most common finding accompanying basilar invagination was the platybasia (89.06%), followed by Chiari type 1 malformation, Klippel-Feil syndrome, and atlantooccipital assimilation, respectively. Only 22.8% of the cases detected with a modified basal angle measurement were able to detect the presence of Welcher’s basal angle measurement.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Although basilar invagination is a rare craniocervical junction pathology, it may be associated with other pathologies such as platybasia and Chiari type 1 malformation.

INTRODUCTION: Clomiphene (diethylethanamine structure) is an anti-estrogen agent that is often used for ovulation induction in the treatment of infertility. Tamoxifen, another anti-estrogen agent of similar chemical structure, has been shown to prolong the QT distance. The aim of this study was to evaluate superficial ECG changes and especially QT, QTc and Tp-e intervals in patients under clomiphene treatment.
METHODS: Forty-two female patients were included in the study. Clomiphene citrate 50 mg daily for 5 days was started on the day of cycle 3-7. The electrocardiograms of the patients were reached before treatment and on the day of peak luteinizing hormone increase. QRS duration, QTc interval, Tp-e, Tp-e / QT ratio and Tp-e / QTc ratio analysis were performed with MATLAB program in digital environment. Paired sample T and Wilcoxen Sum Rank test were used.
RESULTS: When the basal level and post-treatment values were compared, no significant difference was observed in terms of Tp-e interval, QTc interval, QRS duration, Tp-e / QT and Tp-e / QTc ratio. Basal level versus clomiphene citrate values; Tp-e: 95.90 ± 19.50 milliseconds [ms] versus 103.30 ± 16.55 ms, QTc: 460.25 ± 30.08 ms to 430.52 ± 25.19 ms, QRS duration: 102.10 ± 14.98 ms to 109.70 ± 13.61 ms, Tp-e / QT: 0.24 ± 0.04 versus 0.25 ± 0.02, Tp-e / QTc: 0.20 ± 0.03 versus 0.21 ± 0.02 (p> 0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Our study showed that clomiphene citrate had no effect on QT distance, did not carry increased proarrhythmic risk and could be used safely in ovulation induction.

INTRODUCTION: To assess the compatibility between the devices measuring the central corneal thickness (CCT) without eye contact in healthy eyes.
METHODS: Thirty eyes of thirty subjects were included in the study. Central corneal thickness of all patients was measured by anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) (Spectralis® OCT, Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany), corneal topography (CT) (Orbscan, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA) and non-contact specular microscope (NSM) (Tomey Corporation, Nagoya, Japan). Each device performed three measurements and the average of these measurements was taken. The results were compared using the intra-class correlation coefficient method.
RESULTS: Seventeen (56.7%) of the patients were female and 13 (43.3%) were male. The mean age was 34.4 ± 10.02 years (19-53 years). The mean CCT was 543.9 ± 43.6 µm with AS-OCT, 538.9 ± 45.2 µm with CT and 520.7 ± 39.8 µm with the NSM. The intra-class correlation coefficient was found to be 0.92 for AS-OCT and CT, 0,85 for AS-OCT and NSM, 0.93 for CT and NSM. The measurement values of all three devices were found to be compatible with each other.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: CCT measurements without eye contact were found to be compatible with each other on all three devices in healthy eyes. All three devices can be used interchangeably to measure the CCT.

INTRODUCTION: Although peptic ulcer perforation is the most common emergency surgical cause of gastroduodenal ulcer complications, it is a serious surgical emergency due to morbidity / mortality related to secondary peritonitis and sepsis. In this study, we present our patients who underwent peptic ulcer perforation surgery with new literature approaches.
METHODS: Patients who underwent surgery for the diagnosis of peptic ulcer perforation between February 2010 and February 2018 in our clinic were evaluated. The patients' ages, surgical techniques, perforation diameters, localization of perforation, pathological specimens taken during surgery, length of hospital stay and mortality were evaluated retrospectively.
RESULTS: Since perforation localization was not specified in the operation notes of 12 of 99 patients who underwent peptic ulcer perforation surgery in our clinic, the cases were excluded from the study. The mean age of the 87 cases was 45.6 (15-84) years. 77 of the cases were male and 10 were female. 84 patients underwent Graham procedure and 2 patients underwent Distal Subtotal Gastrectomy. Since only one patient had intraoperative ex, only diagnostic laparotomy could be performed. The length of hospital stay was 7.95 (0-63 days); our mortality was 8% (7 cases).

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Peptic ulcer perforation is an emergency surgical condition that can cause serious morbidity and mortality; it should be kept in mind that it is a disease that can be easily treated with an easy-to-apply surgical method such as Graham method simple closure.

INTRODUCTION: Treatment of Acinetobacter baumannii infections has become increasingly diffucult, due to the high resistance rates against commonly administreted antibiotics. The aim of this study is to detect the antibiotic resistance of A.baumannii strains isolated from clinical specimens in years 2015-2018
METHODS: Antibiotic resistance of 1148 A.baumannii strains isolated from various clinical specimens between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2018 was investigated retrospectively. Bacteria were identified using MALDI-TOF-MS (Biomerieux Inc., France) system. Antibiotic susceptibility of the strains were performed with Vitek 2 (Biomerieux Inc., Fransa) automated system.
RESULTS: In 1148 of the clinical specimens A.baumannii was isolated. Total antibiotic resistance of isolated strains within these four years were determined as 83.5% for piperacillin/tazobactam, 81.6% for ceftazidime, 81.7% for meropenem, 80.5% for ciprofloxacin, 46.6% for amikacin, 50.4% for gentamicin, 59% for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 22% for tigecycline and 1.8% for colistin. Colistin resistance was found to be 0.8%, 0%, 2.9% and 3.2% for 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. Tigecycline resistance was determined to be 23.5%, 12.8%, 18.9% and 29.8%, respectively.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In our study, colistin and tigecycline were the most effective antibiotics against A.baumanniis trains.However, it is noteworthy that tigecycline resistance increased over the years and colistin resistance was determined. Because of these increase rates, treatment options for clinicians are decreasing day by day. Therefore, it was thought that it is important to examine its own antibiotic resistance profile by each hospital in order to guide clinician for the empiricial treatment of serious infections which can be life threatening especially like Acinetobacter infections.

Acute occlusion of the infrarenal aorta is a life-threatening condition. In this case report, a young male patient had localized thrombus in the abdominal aorta on computed tomography. Transfemoral embolectomy was performed twice to ensure blood flow in the lower extremity. The abdomen was opened due to the absence of regression in the complaints during the follow-up. Aortic thromboendarterectomy and aortic closure was performed. In conclusion, we think that aorta-iliac endarterectomy is as effective as the other treatment methods for young patients with atherosclerotic mural thrombus in the infrarenal aorta.

Erythema annular centrifigugal is the most common figure erythema. It is characterized with polycyclic or annular lesions which grows up slowly and settle in the stem and extremite proximals. In addition it has infections, drugs, diet and seldom malignancies in its etiology, it is idiopathic most. It split into deep and superficial forms histopathologycally.
A dermatophyte infection in etiology was detected in a patient 46 years old, who applied to our clinic with erythema annular centrifugal lesions and she was treated antifungal treatment. We considered appropriate offering case to focus on research superficial fungal disease in erythema annular centrifugal etiology.

Caesarean section ectopic pregnancy is a rare condition which is defined as a new gestational sac located in the previous caesarean section. The incidence is increasing in recent years due to the increase in the number of cesarean sections and the development of sonographic examination. Magnetic resonance imaging can be helpful as a problem solver in cases of difficulty in diagnosis. There are various management options ranging from medical treatment to surgical treatment. In this study, we present transabdominal ultrasonography and MR imaging findings and treatment strategies used in cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy with a brief review of the current literature.

Child abuse is defined as “any action, or action series or inactions to children under 18 years of age which cause to actual or potential harm to the child’s health, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust or power”. In this case report, we discussed a different type of child abuse, which includes deliberately contaminating anthrax by adults to a child. A 14 years-old boy was forced to contact with meat pieces and blood of a cow which infected with anthrax, causing him to get infected with anthrax. Medico-legal evaluation of our case was revealed that the child exposed to a different type of child abuse. In addition, it was observed that the lack of attention of the competent and responsible persons regarding the notification of infectious diseases caused hazardous situations.

Post-traumatic osteonecrosis of the vertebra was first described in 1895 by the German surgeon Hermann Kummell. This disease characterized by the development of kyphotic deformity in the spine was identified prior to the emergence of radiography. The most widely accepted hypothetical pathophysiology is avascular osteonecrosis. Affected vertebrae is usually seen in the thoracolumbar region extending from T8 to L2. This disease is seen rare in the lumbosacral region. The primary aims of surgical treatment of Kummell’s disease are neural decompression, stabilization and normal sagital balance of the spinal column. It can be treated by anterior reconstriction, posterior stabilisation, kifoplasty ve vertebroplasty. In this report, We review the clinical features and the diagnostic tools of Kummell’s disease and also treatment options accompanied by a case report with kummel disease in L5 spine.

In literature, the concept of disadvantaged group; there are different definitions such as excluded group, vulnerable or vulnerable group, marginal group, risk group or subclass group.
Among the reasons of disadvantage are; lack of resources, inaccessibility of resources, social outlook, state policies, institutional practices and social conditions. The primary factor that constitutes a disadvantage is gender. Other factors (eg, religious characteristics, mother tongue, or geographical origin) are, relative ise characteristics, which can vary from culture to culture. The participation rates, chances and even the harmonization of these groups in the social and economic life are also very low. Individuals in the disadvantaged group do not have access to resources such as autonomy, encouragement, responsibility, self-esteem, community support, health, education, capital, knowledge, employment or access to the tools used by them. Being a disadvantaged group is actually a roof concept. They include the unemployed, migrants, women, disabled people, refugees, migrants, homosexuals, poor and children.
The aim of this review is to handle the disadvantageous situation of women in Turkey is seen as disadvantageous situation of different levels and in many fields. For example, in terms of access to health, the status of migrant women is very high but the situation is not similar for women living in the country. Again in terms of labor force participation, it is seen that the situation of women in the country is much better than that of migrant disadvantaged women.

Fructose is a monosaccharide that found in fruits and vegetables. Its consumption has increased considerably with consumption of sugar and added sugar in recent years. Fructose is preferred in the food industry and health sector with its advantages such as low glycemic index and high sweetness compared to glucose. However, studies have shown that fructose produces lower insulin, leptin, ghrelin and enteroendocrine hormone responses than glucose and is metabolized differently than glucose. Fructose bypasses the phosphofructokinase enzyme that is control point of the glycolysis pathway in metabolism. This bypass capability leads to an independent progression of glycolysis from energy requirements, accumulation of uric acid due to excessive consumption of ATP, and uncontrolled production of the fatty acid precursor coenzyme (Co) A. This difference in metabolism is associated with diseases such as obesity, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), dyslipidemia and hypertension. The high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) contains more fructose than sucrose and natural sources, and is a modified sugar, leading to greater metabolic changes and damage. In this review, current approaches on fructose metabolism, differences between fructose and glucose metabolism and effects of HFCS on human health were evaluated.